Mutare

Another story, mutari (ChiManyika) meaning a piece of metal. With reference to finding gold in the Penhalonga alluvial diggings. ^[2]

What we now know as the city of Mutare today emerged from a small Manyika speaking society under the leadership of Chief Mutasa.^[1] These people claim to have settled in the area for decades long before the Europeans set their feet. Their myths and oral traditions refer to their ancestral claims of the whole territory. This is contrary to popular belief that Mutare was first established by the Pioneer Column in 1890. Infact, the Pioneer Column did not see an empty space before them, but rather a fully functional indigenous Mutasa society with efficient political structures, a booming economy and thriving agriculture.^[1]

Growth of the Township

The coming of the Pioneer Column ushered in the establishment of the first European settlement between the Tsambe and Mutare Rivers. This settlement came to be known as Fort Umtali. This was the third settlement of the Pioneer Column after the settlement of the Southern and Northern parts of present day Zimbabwe. ^[3] By 1895 Mutare the British South Africa company had begun to establish itself through the erection of infrastructure. The township had developed as a market centre with four hotels, shops, banks, churches, schools and printing works. The laying of the railway line in 1895 gave the township a modern face which paved way for its industrial and demographic expansion.

With the granting of a municipality status on 11 June 1914, Mutare became the third largest municipality after Salisbury and Bulawayo. ^[4] The construction of residential and commercial infrastructure commenced around 1915 with the first batch comprising bachelors’ quarters in the present day Sakubva area for males most of whom were domestic and plantation workers. ^[4] The establishment of a power station in 1922 ushered in the growth of small scale industries which focused, by and large, in timber processing. These developments attracted the local indigenous populace to seek wage labour employment in the white dominated Umtali township. ^[4] Thus there was a rampant population increase and by 1941, there were about 1 796 black Africans living in the township. This phenomenal expansion in both population and infrastructure earned Umtali a city status in 1971. ^[4] After Independence, the city was renamed the indigenous name of Mutare.

Events

In 2010, a tender to upgrade the city's system was allegedly awarded to a company with no experience in major water infrastructure development. A US$330 000 deposit was paid to Shitazburg Enterprises which was awarded a US$660 000 tender to replace old and smaller pipes with larger ones in the Dangamvura water project. All this followed a 2009, Ministry of Finance advance of a US$3 million loan to Mutare City Council to finance water and sewer systems in high density areas. Part of the loan was earmarked to upgrade the Dangamvura high density area water infrastructure. After receiving the loan, the city fathers declared that the water problems would be solved within 12 months but eight years on, the company has failed to replace the pipes, neither has it refunded the US$330 000 paid as deposit.
The new mayor, Blessing Tandi, has maintained that Shitazburg Enterprises was corruptly awarded the lucrative tender. He said a councillor and two employees were implicated in corruptly awarding Shitazburg the tender. “The councillor (implicated in corruption) was reported to the Ministry (of Local Government) and was dismissed and two (council) officers were also charged and dismissed by council,” Tandi said.
In an interview, Councillor Exavia Upare, who chaired Mutare City Council’s procurement committee in 2010, was allegedly paid US$20 000 by Shitazburg Enterprises represented by its director Anderson Mwashita, to influence the tender in favour of his company. Upare denied the allegations, insisting that as the chairman of the city council procurement committee he did not have a final say on which company could be awarded a tender. But he admitted receiving US$20 000 from Shitazburg, which he claimed had nothing to do with the city council business. Upare would not reveal the nature of business he had done with Mwashita for which he was paid the US$20 000. In 2011, Upare was arrested and brought before Mutare Magistrate Court facing bribery charges arising from the tender issue. He was later dismissed as city councillor by the then Zimbabwe’s Local Government Minister, Ignatius Chombo. However, despite claiming his innocence, Mutare magistrate court found Shitazburg was also found guilty of fraud, in the tender deal. The company was fined US$500 plus restitution of US$300 000 to Mutare City Council but has since appealed against the lower court’s ruling at the High Court of Zimbabwe. The High Court has not yet sat to hear the case after initially throwing out the appeal for failing to submit his heads of arguments in time.
Edson Dube, programmes director, the United Mutare Residents Ratepayers Trust, alleged that some councillors and council officials got kick backs to award the tender to a company which had no capacity to provide the water pipes. Mayor Tandi revealed that the city was expecting a loan from the Ministry of Finance and African Development Bank, which after signing the tender processes for the project commences and expected completion date for the project is June 2020.” ^[5]

A meeting to celebrate World Radio Day commemorations was held in Mutare in February 2019, organised by the Mutare based Kumakomo Community Radio Station (KCRS) (see Kumakomo Trust) initiative, under the theme, “Dialogue, Tolerance and Peace.” Mayor Blessing Tandi, spoke. Radio to the people is necessary. However, the media should be impartial and put the interests of the community first. As media you should not abuse your powers as well but be apolitical, which is why community radios are important as they are not owned by government or private entities.” Radio serves as a more convenient information sharing platform citing that it was more popular and easily accessible than television because of its wide reach.
The licensing of community radio stations in Zimbabwe is provided for in the Broadcasting Services Act (BSA), under a three-tier broadcasting system comprising, public, commercial and community broadcasting. Community radio stations are however still to be licensed and legally recognised in Zimbabwe since the enactment of the BSA in 2001. Currently, the Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe (BAZ) has only licensed national and regional commercial and public radio stations. Successive ministers during the Robert Mugabe era refused to entertain discussions on licensing of community radio stations and maintained a repressive approach to media freedoms, but the new dispensation government has opened up to dialogue after the Minister of Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services Senator Monica Mutsvangwa last year revealed Government’s intentions to amend the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) and Broadcasting Services Act to accommodate the licensing of community radio stations among many other media reforms. In February 2019, Cabinet repealed AIPPA to align laws to the Constitution. The repeal of AIPPA will give rise to three legal instruments - the Access to Information Bill, the Zimbabwe Media Commission Bill and the Protection of Personal Information/Data Protection Bill.
KCRS coordinator Trevor Mtisi said since they acquired their deed of trust in 2006 they have been pushing for licensing but sadly can only operate through social media platforms, production of CDs with educative programmes and community outreach programmes. According to the independent media advocacy watchdog, Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) Zimbabwe, community radio stations are a necessity and the best medium that can promote culture and ethnic languages of marginalised communities. Zimunya’s Ward 32 councillor Herbert Gonyora encouraged communities to support community radio initiatives citing how they helped his ward to mainstream developmental issues and constructively debate on them. He also urged government to strongly consider licensing of community radio stations. ^[6]

At a community engagement meeting in September 2019, Mayor Blessing Tandi told residents Mutare’s monthly water treatment bill had shot up from less than $200 000 in December last year to $1, 5 million in September, due to inflation. He said the proposed supplementary budget which will see tariffs going up by 400% was “painful but necessary” as it would cushion the council against hyperinflation, and the budget had been sent to Local Government Minister July Moyo for approval.
Council used to rely on industry for its revenue but due to the economic meltdown most companies have closed shop. Residents said the council should not over rely on rate payers for revenue but should instead embark on other income generating projects such as revamping and running its beerhalls in the high density suburbs like Sakubva and Dangamvura instead of leasing them to individuals. Tandi said to reduce the burden on ratepayers, the local authority would soon venture into income generating projects such as tourism to expand its revenue collection base. He said Dangamvura residents will have access to water by end of December next year. Mutare recently secured a US$400 000 loan from African Development Bank to improve the provision of water to residents. ^[7]

In March 2020, Mutare began a blitz on illegal vending to decongest market places as part of efforts to minimize human contact in the fight against the coronavirus. Mayor Blessing Tandi said it was given the authority through Statutory Instrument 77 of 2020, and urged citizens to be compliant. Flea markets at Motto-Motto, Chidzero, New Bar, Sakubva Flea Market and Meikles Park were closed down.
President Mnangagwa said food markets will remain open and movement will only be allowed with respect to the procurement of food, medicines or other necessities, but all non-essential services will be expected to completely cease operations. In addition to food markets, industries producing food, water and sanitary products would also be permitted to remain open. Only the state-owned Zimbabwe United Passenger Company (ZUPCO) and government workers’ buses, will remain operational.
Labour and Economic Development Research Institute (LEDRIZ) economist Dr Prosper Chitambara says “The informal sector is characterized by serious decent work deficits. Decent work is productive work where the workers’ rights are protected, their jobs and their incomes are protected and their social standards maintained, but these do not apply in the informal sector. People will therefore starve if they go for 21 days without work as they rely on generating daily income for survival,” said Dr Chitambara. ^[8]

Speaking at a United Mutare Residents Ratepayers Trust (UMRRT) meeting in May 2020, Mutare Mayor Blessing Tandi claimed that council’s resolutions to buy Mayor and Town Clerk Joshua Maligwa each a Toyota Land Cruiser Prado would improve the City’s status. He was also questioned on his attendance at numerous workshops at the expense of ratepayers. “The issue of vehicles will give status to the city, and workshops empower council with ideas.” A resident, John Zimunya, remarked, “The city’s status is not judged by the type of vehicles driven by the mayor and managers, but by the level of service delivery”. “On vehicles, our Mayor was very clear that it has nothing to do with service delivery, but their status,” remarked UMRRT programme director Edson Dube. ^[9]

In July 2022, Mutare City Council Mayor councillor Simon Chabuka and 11 other councillors appeared in court on Thursday on allegations of fleecing the local authority of nearly $13 million in travel and subsistence allowances. It was reported that reports that Mayor Chabuka appeared at Mutare Magistrates Court charged with criminal abuse of office. Others accused of the same charge are councillors Farai Mabiza, Elizabeth Tsoro, Zwenyika Misi, Daniel Saunyama, Blessing Tandi, Tsitsi Ziweya, Norman Nyanhanda, Exavior Upare, Sakai Cathrine, Thomas Nyamupangedenga and Calvin Matsiya. ^[10]

Major Attractions

The city of Mutare is good for outdoor activities and retreat expeditions. The climate offers a serene environment away from the noise of city traffic and irritating industrial pollution of urban areas. The mountainous terrain offers many opportunities hiking. The Mutare Museum offers an appreciation of the city through displays of artifacts. It is also Zimbabwe's Transport Museum. ^[11]

There are lodges and hotels scattered all over the city and surrounding area, so there is a wide array of choice for the visitors. The among them are

• Leopard Rock Hotel (in the Vumba),
• Holiday Inn Mutare,
• Troutbeck Inn (in Nyanga)

^[11] There a number of game parks, unique views, leisure centres, botanical gardens and sites which offer a plethora of entertainment facilities for both locals and visitors.^[11]

Climate of Mutare

Mutare boasts of unique climatic conditions which are seldom found elsewhere in Zimbabwe. The savannah tropical climate consists largely of cold winters and warm summers. The winter season spans from early May to end of August. During this season, lowest temperatures are recorded. The coldest month in this regard is July with a minimum of 6 °C and a maximum The summer season in Mutare like in most parts of Zimbabwe spans from September to April.^[12] This is the season of the ‘sun and rains’. The months of September and October are the hottest with minimum temperatures averaging 16 °C and maximum often reaching 32 °C. The average rainfall is between 800mm and 850mm. Heavy rains are usually received between the months of December and January.^[12] The North Eastern winds which blow from the present day Mozambican areas usually results in precipitation. These climatic conditions have inevitably favoured the thriving of both exotic and indigenous botany forests and this has led to the common conception which identifies Mutare as the city of timber production.

Geography and Population

The geographical terrain of Mutare is breath-taking. Of the diverse geographical aspects of Mutare, the Christmas Pass stands as one of the most cherished not only by the outsiders but also to the locals who regularly visit the site to remind themselves of the beauty that surrounds them. The Christmas Pass view of the city provides the most spectacular bird’s eye view of the city. The Christmas Pass view is even more intriguing during the night; from the street lights, moving vehicle lights, domestic house lamps, to a burning cigarette in the streets of Mutare. It is a city swallowed up in a mountainous terrain and engulfed in trees.

Housing a population of about 300 000, Mutare is home to several races and ethnic groups.^[13] It is a multicultural home of the local Manyika people, the Zezuru of Mashonaland, the Ndau of Chipinge and surrounding areas, the Ndebele, neighbouring Mozambicans, Asians and Europeans. This population is spatially located in various suburbs of Mutare which include the high density areas of Dangamvura, Sakubva and Chikanga. The Central Business District is also surrounded by low density suburbs such as Morningside which accommodate a smaller proportion of the inhabitants.

The city of Mutare is also the capital of Manicaland Province. In the last decade, the city has become of strategic importance due to the discovery of diamonds at Chiadzwa and Marange. This has led to establishment of big multinational mining enterprises, refurbishment of roads, and establishment of an airport among other developments. The presence of numerous tourist resorts in the area and its proximity to the Nyanga Mountains make the city a place of perpetual economic and social interaction.

Government

Central Government

The Zimbabwe 1985 Parliamentary Election returned to parliament:
Mutare Urban:

• Edgar Ziwinayi Tekere Zanu PF - 30 076 votes.
• Kagoro Felix Kadzombe UANC - 3 694 votes.
• Ford Magada PF-ZAPU - 1 178 votes.
• David Mungunyana ZANU - 1 150 votes.

Mutare West:

• Moton Dizzy Paul Malianga Zanu PF - 28 551 votes.
• Webster Chamuda Mufambi Zimunya UANC - 784 votes.
• Matthew Masiyakurima PF-ZAPU - 143 votes.
• David Musiyagamu Ngarize ZANU - 136 votes.

In the 1990 Parliamentary Election (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Mutare Central returned to Parliament:

• Daniel Sithole of ZUM with 9 058 votes,
• Zororo Duri of Zanu PF with 8 700 votes,
• Clement Mhlanga of ZANU–Ndonga with 411 votes,

Turnout - 18 842 voters or 41.71 %

Mutare North returned:

• Oppah Muchinguri of Zanu PF with 14 165 votes,
• Giles Mutsekwa of ZUM with 13 484 votes,
• David Mabunyara of ZANU–Ndonga with 1 481 votes.

Turnout - 30 671 voters or 72.22 % Mutare South returned:

• Lazarus Nzarayebani of Zanu PF with 10 520 votes,
• Christopher Zimunya of ZUM with 3 925 votes,

Turnout - 15 636 voters or 39.89 %

Mutare West returned:

• Moton Malianga of Zanu PF with 14 806 votes,
• Wilson Murwiri of ZUM with 4 349 votes.

Turnout - 20 765 voters or 46.67 %

In the 2000 Elections, (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Mutare Central returned to Parliament:

• Innocent Tinashe Gonese of MDC with 17 706 votes,
• Christopher Peter Chingosho of Zanu PF with 3 091 votes,
• Patrick Chitaka, Independent, with 985 votes,
• Felix Murimi, Independent, with 754 votes,
• Moses Jackson Mvenge, Independent, with 324 votes,
• Munhu Haashati Naison Sithole of ZANU (Ndonga) with 83 votes.

Mutare North returned:

• Giles Mutsekwa of MDC with 15 500 votes,
• Oppah Chamu Zvipange Muchinguri of Zanu PF with 5 564 votes,
• Justin Nyatoti of UP with 235 votes.

Mutare South returned:

• Sydney Mukwecheni of MDC with 7 273 votes,
• Michael Madiro of Zanu PF with 6 673 votes,
• Lazarus Gumisai Nzarayebani, Independent, with 637 votes,
• Washington Pfupajena, Independent, with 238 votes,
• Denniford Musiyarira of ZANU (Ndonga) with 218 votes.

Mutare West returned:

• Christopher Mushowe of Zanu PF with 11 498 votes,
• Tambaoga Nyazika of MDC with 5 818 votes,
• Shepherd Mkwekwezeke, Independent, with 622 votes,
• Tobias Nemasasi, Independent, with 341 votes.

In the 2013 elections, Dangamvura–Chikanga was a constituency. In the 2013 Elections, (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Dangamvura–Chikanga returned to Parliament:

• Arnold Tsunga of MDC–T with 11 757 votes or 45.81 percent,
• Micah Duru Reketai of Zanu PF with 9 336 votes or 36.38 percent,
• Giles Mutsekwa of MDC–T with 3 851 votes or 15.01 percent,
• Jonas Msonza of MDC–N with 468 votes or 1.82 percent,
• 3 others with 250 votes or 0.97 percent.

Total 25 662 votes

In the 2013 Elections, (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Mutare Central returned to Parliament:

• Innocent Gonese of MDC–T with 9 085 votes or 63.61 percent,
• Trinity Munowenyu of Zanu PF with 4 732 votes or 33.13 percent,
• Sondon Mugaradziko of MDC–N with 466 votes or 3.26 percent,

Total 14 283 votes

In the 2013 Elections, (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Mutare North returned to Parliament:

• Irimai Mukwishu of MDC–T with 17 867 votes or 72.26 percent,
• Michael Madiro, Independent, with 5 998 votes or 24.26 percent,
• Daniel Kaitano of MDC–N with 860 votes or 3.48 percent,
• Batsirayi Pemhenayi of Zanu PF with 0 votes or 0.00 percent.

Total 24 725 votes

In the 2013 Elections, (see A History of Zimbabwean Elections) Mutare South returned to Parliament:

• Nyasha Chikwinya of Zanu PF with 13 218 votes or 64.27 percent,
• Robert Saunyama of MDC–T with 4 725 votes or 22.97 percent,
• Ngaite Zimunya, Independent, with 1 821 votes or 8.85 percent,
• Oliver Gwazaza of MDC–N with 802 votes or 3.90percent.

Total 20 566 votes

In the 2022 By-Elections, (see Zimbabwe By-elections (March_2022)) Dangamvura–Chikanga returned to Parliament:

• Prosper Mutseyami of CCC with 13 132 votes,
• Isau Mupfumi of Zanu PF with 6304 votes,
• Taurai Mudzipurwa of MDC Alliance with 348 votes,
• Hosia Chipanga of Patriotic Zimbabweans with 209 votes,
• Anesu Zaranyika of MA'AT Zimbabwe with 57 votes.

Local Government

The Mutare Local Government is Mutare Municipality and Mutare RDC.

Lawrence Dambudzo Mudehwe was a former mayor of Mutare and served in the office for 13 years from 1995 to 2013.

On 15 September 2023, it was reported that Mutare Municipality elected Councillor Sophia Gwasira Mayor. ^[14]

Infrastructure

Mutare is served by Mutare Provincial Hospital.

See Hillcrest College.
See Mutare Boys High School.
See Mutare Girls High School.
See Sakubva 1 Secondary School.
See Sakubva 2 Secondary School.
See St Dominic’s High School.
See Dangamvura High School.

References